Islam og kristen-muslimske relationer i Holland
Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations in the Netherlands

Introduktion / Intro in Danish

I Holland er der ca. 1 mio. muslimer, som udgør 5,8 % af befolkningen. 75 % af muslimerne er af marokkansk og tyrkisk oprindelse.Over 90 % af muslimerne har en ikke-vestlig baggrund. 54 % af de ikke vestlige fremmede, der bor i Holland er muslimer. I 2004 var 38 % af muslimerne anden-generationsindvandrere. I Storamsterdam er 13 % af vefolkningen muslimer, i den Haag 11 %.

De første muslimer kom til Holland fra Hollands Ostindien, der i dag hedder Indonesien og er verdens folkerigeste muslimske stat, i forbindelse med den blodige uafhængighedskrig 1945-49. Et langt større antal muslimer kom til Holland især fra Marokko og Tyrkiet som arbejdsmigranter i 60'erne og 70'erne, og i forbindelse med familiesammenføringer i de efterfølgende år. I forbindelse med Surinames uafhængighed i 1975 kom mange tursinde muslimer til Holland fra Suriname. I 80'erne og 90'erne kom mange muslimer til Holland som flygtninge fra bla. Bosnien, Pakistan, Somalia, Irak og Iran.

Islam har været et vigtigt tema i hollandsk politik. Pim Fortuyn, der dannede sit eget parti, repræsenterede en stærkt anti-muslimsk populistisk politik, blev myrdet af en hollænder (der ikke var muslim) den 6. maj 2002.

Forholdet mellem muslimer og ikke muslimer i Holland blev stærkt påvirket af den marokkansk-hollandske muslimske terrorist Mohammed Bouyeris mord på filminstruktøren Theo van Gogh den 2. november 2004.

Ayaan Hirsi Ali, der er flygtning fra Somalia og en stærk kritiker af islam, blev i 2003 valgt ind i det hollandske parlament. Hun medvirkede i Theo Van Goghs stærk islam-kritisk film "Submission" og pådrog sig mange muslimers vrede. Efter flere dødstrusler emigrerede hun til USA.

Geert Wilders, der i 2004 dannede sit eget Frihedsparti, offentliggjorde i 2008 filmen "Fitna" om islam i Holland, der både nationaltog  internationalt gjorde Wilders til en kontroversiel figur, men dog ikke førte til uroligheder i Holland. Geert Wilders er fortaler for, at Koranen skal forbydes, at kvinder, der bærer slør skal beskattes særskilt, at der skal være forbud mod byggeri af moskeer, og at indvandring fra muslimske lande skal standses.

On-line litterature

Demant, Froukje; Maussen, Marcel; Rath, Jan, Muslims in the EU - Cities Report - The Netherlands. Preliminary Research Report and Literature Survey (EUMAP, 2007)
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Factbook: The Position of Muslims in The Netherlands: Facts and Figures. 2010
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Islam in the Netherlands
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Landman, Nico, "Too much Islam? Challenges to the Dutch model"
In his conclusion Landman, prof. of Arabic and Islamic Studies at the University of Utrecht writes that, "More than in most European countries, in the Netherlands the rise of international Islamist terrorism led to a dramatic shift in public opinion and in the political discourse on Islam and its place in society. That was because the terrorist surge boosted an already present tendency to challenge the multiculturalist establishment in the larger cities. The good news, however, is that social, cultural and religious conflicts can now be discussed more openly, and social problems in ethnic communities are no longer avoided as being too sensitive or out of political correctness. On the other hand, there is a serious danger of alienating Muslim communities, of polarisation, of a negative spiral in which Islamophobia provokes Islamic radicalism, and Islamic radicalism provokes Islamophobia. If the 1980s and 1990s were characterised by an over-optimistic and naive approach to cultural diversity and a lack of attention to the difficulties that go with it, in the post–Pim Fortuyn era the Netherlands is proving far from able to cope with this diversity. It is now the task of responsible politicians and opinion leaders to avoid and prevent the chain of reactions which can only alienate large groups of Muslims from the rest of society." Download.

"Religion: a Source for Human Rights and Development" (2006)
Report from a joint conference organized by ICCO, Cordaid and ISS in Soesterberg in September 2005. Download.

European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Third Report on the Netherlands (2008)
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Veldhuis, Tinka & Edwin Bakker, "Muslims in the Netherlands: Tensions and Violent Conflict" (2009)
Chapter 5 in the book: Ethno-religious Conflict in Europe. Typlogies of Radicalisation in Europes Muslimcommunities. Ed. by Michael Emerson. Published by The Centre for Politicy Studies (CEPS) in Brussels 2009 (Download all the book). "This chapter examines the question of what types of incidents and developments had occurred in the Netherlands that led to potentially violent tensions and conflicts in which Muslims were involved. The authors elaborate on radicalization and on tensions and violent conflicts within and between social groups. They then give an overview of radicalization and tensions and violent conflicts involving Muslim communities in the Netherlands and conclude by discussing the Dutch situation in the perspective of global trends." Download.

Interfaith Documents

Declaration of Peace
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Dutch leaders of religions will vote
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Open letter Gaza
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Noah righteous and responsible
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Declaration of churches an Muslim organisations
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Links to Interfaith Organisations etc.

Evangelie & Moslims
"Gospel & Muslims is an interdenominational foundation for witness and service among Muslims in the Netherlands. A movement of Christians who want to build respectful relationships with Muslim and other medel in words and deeds to show that Jesus Christ is worthy to be worshiped and served as Savior and Lord.."   Visit

ICCO (Interchurch Organisation for Development Cooperation
ICCO gives "global financial support and advice to local organisations and networks that work for better access to basic facilities, initiating sustainable economical development and enhancing peace and democracy. We also bring together enterprising people in the Netherlands and in developing countries. We work together closely with civil society organisations, including development organisations, educational organisations and businesses. In this way, we seek to improve living conditions for people in Latin America, Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe and help them be economically independent. .. .To build on our strengths, we formed the ICCO alliance together with Edukans, Kerk in Actie, Oikocredit, Prisma, Share People. In addition, we collaborate with several other partners in the Netherlands, Europe and worldwide. In the Netherlands, we set up campaigns together." Visit.

Interreligius Beraad
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Kerk in Actie
"Kerk in Actie is the programme for missionary and diaconal work of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands and of 10 smaller churches and ecumenical organisations. The name Kerk in Actie means: Church (Kerk) in Action (actie). We want to emphasize that the local church-communities are actively participating in missionary and diaconal work. Kerk in Actie facilitates relations between local congregations in the Netherlands and churches and organisations abroad regarding the proclamation of the Gospel and promotion of justice. Kerk in Actie co-operates with almost thousand partner churches and organisations in more than 60 countries of Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, Asia and Eastern Europe." Kerk in Actie is also involved in dialogue between religions in the Netherlands.
Visit.

Platform Levensbeschouwelijke en religieuze organisaties in Rotterdam
Platformen L & R er en gruppering af filosofiske og religiøse organisationer i Rotterdam, der ønsker at give et løft til en bys netværk, hvor hver bidragyder anses som en hollænder. Visit.

RORAVOLERE
Rotterdams Råd for Livsanskulerer og Religioner (De Rotterdamse Raad voor Levensbeschouwingen en Religies) Visit.